![]() ![]() The study concludes that the vulnerable groups are subjected to these two levels of violations in a way that makes the mission of advocating for them more complex. The analysis identifies on the one hand, the imposed Israeli measures that violate human rights at different levels, and on the other hand, the structural macrosocial forces in the Palestinian society that influence the level of respect of human rights, in order to differentiate between what’s imposed by the state of Israel and what is culturally inherited. The research observations highlight the complexity of the current geopolitical context of East Jerusalem such as the annexation, the construction of the Jewish settlements and the separation Wall, as well as the Israeli policies that discriminate against the Palestinian Jerusalemites. In doing so, this study analyzes the current situation of East Jerusalem from different perspectives: political, social and economic, using the case study and life story approach, in addition to in-depth interviews with key informants. The Heinrich Böll Stiftung (hbs) has conducted this research to better understand the impact of the current political situation on the human rights’ issue of Palestinians in East Jerusalem in general, and of the vulnerable groups in particular. Furthermore, in the context of ethno-national conflict in Jerusalem, sub-formalization serves as a governmental mechanism that enables the state to deepen its presence and control over adversary urbanity while at the same time continuing acute discrimination against Palestinians. Thus, sub-formalization represents a steady state of administrative and functional exception which becomes a structural and normalized feature of the entire education system. The paper introduces the notion of sub-formaliza-tion of education as a mode of formalization that is characterized by a constant deviation from professional and administrative national norms, both in its methods and outcomes, and which usually results in inferior solutions and irregular arrangements of service provision. This paper investigates processes of formalization of education provision in the contested city of Jerusalem, where the governance of education manifests as a political arena for the control and resistance relations between Israeli state and the Palestinian residents of the city. ![]()
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